The use of anti-inflammatory agents (AIA) has been associated with some degree of renal dysfunction in renal failure patients, a potential cause of death in some patients. It has been suggested that renal dysfunction may be due to a combination of AIA and renal dysfunction, particularly with renal failure. The combination of AIA and renal dysfunction has been shown to have a greater risk of developing serious complications in renal failure patients than single-drug administration [].
The use of NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen and naproxen) has been reported to decrease the clearance of renal prostaglandin I (PGI2) [].
NSAIDs are known to decrease the production of prostaglandins by the kidneys. The inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins by NSAIDs increases the levels of PGI2, which decreases renal blood flow and decreases renal arterial dilation [].
There is a risk of developing acute renal failure in patients receiving NSAIDs and NSAID-induced renal tubular dysfunction [].
There is also some evidence that the use of NSAIDs may increase the risk of an acute renal failure, although the risk is higher for patients with mild to moderate renal impairment [].
In this review article, we discuss the use of anti-inflammatory agents in patients with renal dysfunction.
The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the School of Medicine at Kermanshah Medical University, Keluru, Keluru, India.
Patients who have experienced adverse events, such as adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or adverse drug reactions (ACTs), have been excluded from the study. Patients who have had a previous renal or cardiovascular risk factor, as well as a history of drug abuse, history of liver disease, or allergic reaction have also been excluded. The exclusion criteria are as follows:
This was a prospective, randomized, crossover study in which subjects were randomly assigned to receive one of two AIA treatment groups: Ibuprofen 200 mg, naproxen 300 mg or ibuprofen 800 mg.
The study was approved by the local ethics committee of Kermanshah Medical University, Keluru, India.
The study was designed as a single-blinded, placebo-controlled study, in which subjects were randomly assigned to treatment groups. The inclusion criteria were as follows:
Ibuprofen belongs to a group of medicines called NSAIDs and is used to relieve the pain of arthritis. It can help reduce fever, colds, and pain associated with osteoarthritis.
NSAIDs work in the same way as medicines by blocking enzymes that produce prostaglandins, substances that cause inflammation and pain. They also relieve muscle pain and fever.
Ibuprofen is available over-the-counter at most pharmacies and supermarkets.
The recommended dosage of ibuprofen is 2-3 tablets in 24 hours.
You can buy ibuprofen at most pharmacies, supermarkets and pharmacies in the UK.
The packaging and instructions on how to take ibuprofen can change from one day to another. Take the tablets with a large glass of water with each dose. If your child has taken more ibuprofen than you should, speak to your doctor.
For more information about ibuprofen, see inside a box.
Ibuprofen may decrease the painkiller's effectiveness by up to 70% in people with mild to moderate pain.
Talk to your doctor if you think ibuprofen is causing you pain.
Ibuprofen can also cause stomach bleeding if you take it with a heavy meal or if you take it with a meal that contains a high amount of fat.
You should not take ibuprofen if you have any of these conditions:
• stomach ulcers or bleeding
• liver problems
• kidney problems
• a history of blood clot
If you take ibuprofen and your doctor decides it is necessary to treat your condition the next time you need ibuprofen.
Do not take ibuprofen if you have:
• heart problems
• a history of bleeding problems or kidney problems
• high blood pressure
• any bleeding disorder
• or are taking other medicines containing ibuprofen or aspirin or other anti-inflammatory medicines.
Some medicines may interact with ibuprofen and cause an allergic reaction.
Tell your doctor if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding before taking ibuprofen.
It is not known whether ibuprofen passes into breast milk or if it can harm a nursing baby. Speak to your doctor or pharmacist before breast-feeding.
Ibuprofen may reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. Discuss this with your doctor.
If you are taking other medicines, including over-the-counter medicines and herbal medicines, tell your doctor before taking ibuprofen.
Do not take ibuprofen if you are allergic to any of its ingredients.
Tell your doctor if you have kidney, liver or heart problems.
Your doctor may need to check whether your child takes any other types of NSAID before prescribing ibuprofen.
Ibuprofen is only available in a strength of 2 tablets and 2.5mg tablets.
You should not take ibuprofen more than the recommended amount in 24 hours unless instructed by your doctor.
If you are not sure whether you are taking the right dose of ibuprofen, talk to your doctor.
Do not take ibuprofen more than the recommended dose without telling your doctor if you notice any of the symptoms below:
• stomach pain
• bloating or upset stomach
• constipation
• indigestion or diarrhoea
• headache
• dizziness
If you need to stop taking ibuprofen or you have problems with your heart, you may need regular check-ups.
Your doctor may also do regular blood tests to check your liver function and to monitor you carefully for side effects.
Ibuprofen may cause liver damage. Tell your doctor immediately if you notice a yellowing of the skin or eyes or dark urine.
Liver problems have been reported with ibuprofen.
Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and is available as a tablet.
This prospective observational study was conducted between April 2019 and May 2019 at the University Hospital in Sint-Leu (Hospital de la Péran University, Sint-Leu-Truy).
Patients with chronic rhinitis (CD) and chronic non-inflammatory rhinosinusitis (CINR) were eligible for participation. Patients were excluded if they had any of the following:
Uncontrolled hypertension (high blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and total cholesterol ≤ < 140 mmol/L);
Previous NSAID use (as a result of previous use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, aspirin, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as celecoxib);
History of NSAID-associated kidney disease;
History of recurrent infections or chronic rhinosinusitis;
Diabetic mellitus, hyperlipidaemia;
History of renal disease (kidney impairment; renal dysfunction or disease of unknown cause);
History of steroidal use;
History of smoking;
History of renal or liver disease;
History of renal or heart disease.
History of asthma;
History of gastrointestinal, kidney or liver disease;
History of thromboembolism (blood clotting, stroke, or venous thromboembolism);
History of chronic myocardial infarction (e.g., aortic dissection, bypass, or aortic aneurysm);
History of a history of myocardial infarction or stroke;
History of a history of a recent history of ulcer or gastric ulcer;
History of previous use of NSAID-containing products (including ibuprofen and aspirin);
History of pregnancy;
History of history of kidney disease;
History of recent history of stroke, ulcer or gastric ulcer;
History of recent history of a heart attack or angina pectoris;
History of other NSAID-related complications;
History of severe asthma or allergy (e.g., aortic stenosis, nephrotic syndrome, or asthma);
History of liver disease;
History of heart failure;
History of renal dysfunction;
History of chronic kidney disease;
History of recent history of an arterial or venous thromboembolism (blood clotting, stroke, or blood poisoning);
History of a previous history of asthma;
History of previous history of a previous history of any blood pressure;
History of previous use of a corticosteroid;
History of other NSAID-related complications.
The baseline characteristics of the study population were summarized using a mean ± standard deviation.
This study was an update on thein vivofractionation of the total blood plasma following treatment with ibuprofen in rats. The results showed that the fractionation of plasma and total plasma were decreased significantly by the use of ibuprofen. The total blood plasma was decreased by about 30% (1.9 ± 0.6, 0.9 ± 0.5) and by about 60% (3.2 ± 0.7, 2.2 ± 0.8), respectively, compared to the reference values of the control rats. There were no significant differences in the fractionation between the ibuprofen treated groups and the control group. This study showed that ibuprofen reduces the plasma and total plasma fractionations in rats. The use of ibuprofen was not effective in the reduction of plasma and total plasma fractionations in rats treated with ibuprofen. It should be considered as an alternative approach to evaluate the drug's effect on the plasma and total plasma in the treatment of diseases. Thus, it may be useful to study this effect.
Citation:Arau-Munizi, T. (2019, April) In vivo and in vitro studies on the effect of ibuprofen on total and plasma of rats. PLoS ONE 11(4): e0182886. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182886
Editor:Antonio L. M. Pérez, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Received:March 24, 2019;Accepted:May 22, 2019;Published:June 2, 2019
Copyright:© 2019 Arau-Munizi, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability:All relevant data are within the manuscript and its files.
Funding:This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81071466), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 810202205, 810210101), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 810210101). The authors also wish to thank the members of the Laboratory for Drug Administration of the National Laboratory for Drug Analysis and Drug Intermediaries (PLANT) for valuable comments on this manuscript.
Competing interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
In the past decade, numerous studies have reported the development of chronic diseases in animals [–]. Chronic diseases are divided into several groups, including acute, chronic, and acute-onset diseases [, ]. These diseases are categorized into acute, acute-onset, and chronic-onset []. These diseases can occur in different stages of life, and chronic diseases occur at different ages [, ].
As a result of the development of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is highly prevalent [–]. The main cause of HIV-1 infection is acquired by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the infected adult human host [].
The most common causes of chronic diseases in humans are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema, which are chronic diseases caused by the lung-to-body lung barrier barrier [–]. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema are both chronic diseases, and they are strongly associated with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) and renal failure [].
In the United States, the prevalence of chronic diseases is increasing with an aging population, particularly in younger age groups (such as older adults) []. There are few studies on the use of ibuprofen in rats and the potential impact on the body’s response to ibuprofen on rats.
However, it is still unknown whether ibuprofen reduces the clearance of drug from the body. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ibuprofen on the plasma and total plasma fractionations of ibuprofen, in the treatment of rats with ibuprofen induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) and its clinical signs.
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